生態(tài)河道治理是指在河道陸域控制線內(nèi)，在滿足防洪、排澇及引水等河道基本功能的基礎(chǔ)上，通過人工修復(fù)措施促進(jìn)河道水生態(tài)系統(tǒng)恢復(fù)，構(gòu)建健康、完整、穩(wěn)定的河道水生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的活動(dòng)。

　　一、 綜合性原則：河道生態(tài)治理應(yīng)在保證河道防洪、排澇、引水等基本功能的前提下，充分考慮河流的生態(tài)功能、水質(zhì)凈化、生態(tài)景觀等功能的需要，同時(shí)兼顧親水活動(dòng)的安全。

　　二、 協(xié)調(diào)性原則：體現(xiàn)河道及周邊區(qū)域發(fā)展的特點(diǎn)，注重與沿線整體風(fēng)貌相協(xié)調(diào)，河道生態(tài)景觀與周邊景觀相協(xié)調(diào)。

　　三、 自然性原則：堅(jiān)持恢復(fù)河道自然水生態(tài)系統(tǒng)環(huán)境，以自然修復(fù)為主，人工修復(fù)為輔，因地制宜、充分利用現(xiàn)狀河道的形態(tài)、地形、水文等條件;物種的選擇及配置宜以本土種為主，構(gòu)建具有較強(qiáng)的自我維持及穩(wěn)定的水生態(tài)系統(tǒng)。

　　四、 經(jīng)濟(jì)性原則：與經(jīng)濟(jì)、社會(huì)發(fā)展同步，因地制宜、節(jié)能高效;統(tǒng)籌前期建設(shè)與后期管護(hù)，盡可能降低前期建設(shè)成本和后期的養(yǎng)護(hù)費(fèi)，實(shí)現(xiàn)河道生態(tài)治理的可持續(xù)性發(fā)展 。

　　步驟1 確定生態(tài)河道治理的目標(biāo)當(dāng)這一步完成時(shí)，應(yīng)該描繪出一個(gè)總體的目的，或者是一個(gè)藍(lán)圖，勾勒出修復(fù)工程完成后河道是什么樣的。這樣一個(gè)可見的藍(lán)圖在生態(tài)河道治理過程中起著關(guān)鍵的指導(dǎo)作用。

　　步驟2 確定生態(tài)河道治理的利益相關(guān)者生態(tài)河道治理是流域管理的一部分。如前所述，河道有許多功能，需要根據(jù)河道功能，列出利益相關(guān)者，包括機(jī)構(gòu)和公眾。

　　步驟3 分析人類活動(dòng)對(duì)河道功能的影響對(duì)河道未受干擾之前的現(xiàn)狀進(jìn)行描述，分析人類活動(dòng)對(duì)河道生態(tài)系統(tǒng)和河道功能的影響。步驟4 識(shí)別河道的主要天然資產(chǎn)和主要問題生態(tài)河道治理也是保護(hù)和改善天然河道資產(chǎn)。資產(chǎn)就是河道已經(jīng)具備的，并滿足相應(yīng)河道功能目標(biāo)的那些良好條件。許多河道資產(chǎn)都受到河道問題的威脅，或已經(jīng)退化。在這一步中，要識(shí)別出河道的主要資產(chǎn)、退化資產(chǎn)和存在的主要問題。

　　步驟5 確定生態(tài)河道治理的優(yōu)先次序河道的生態(tài)治理涉及不同的河段、不同的功能。而每個(gè)功能受關(guān)注的程度、需要修復(fù)的時(shí)間又不盡相同，因此應(yīng)該首先確定生態(tài)河道治理的優(yōu)先次序。需要注意的是，修復(fù)工程不應(yīng)該總是從受損*嚴(yán)重的河段著手, 有時(shí)候也需要從現(xiàn)存的**的河段開始。

　　步驟6 制定保護(hù)資產(chǎn)和改善河道的策略和措施確定優(yōu)先河段后，列出保護(hù)和改善這些河段重要資產(chǎn)的所有方法。

　　步驟7 制定生態(tài)河道治理詳細(xì)而可度量的目標(biāo)對(duì)應(yīng)于上一步到出的策略和措施，制定詳細(xì)的、可以度量的目標(biāo)。

　　步驟8分析目標(biāo)的可行性上一步的目標(biāo)是切實(shí)可行的嗎?許多因索，如費(fèi)用、政治、其他河道用戶的反對(duì)等等。都將可能改變?cè)汛_定的優(yōu)先權(quán)和側(cè)重點(diǎn)。完成這一步后，要解決的問題才能*終決定。

　　步驟9 制定修復(fù)工程的詳細(xì)計(jì)劃在第6步中，已經(jīng)確定了解決問題的初步方法，在這一步需要進(jìn)行詳細(xì)的設(shè)計(jì)。為了達(dá)到目標(biāo)，需要做哪些具體的事情呢?可以什么也不做，可以進(jìn)行規(guī)劃控制，甚至改善或重建整個(gè)河道。

　　步驟10 設(shè)計(jì)修復(fù)工程的評(píng)估方案第7步中制定的可估量目標(biāo)在此成為對(duì)工程進(jìn)行評(píng)估的基礎(chǔ)。需要注意的是，并不是所有的評(píng)估都一定要求很詳細(xì)。

　　步驟11 組織修復(fù)工程的實(shí)施為保證修復(fù)工程的實(shí)施，需要制定時(shí)間進(jìn)度表，進(jìn)行明確的任務(wù)分派，落實(shí)資金來(lái)源，組織項(xiàng)目評(píng)估。

　　步驟12 實(shí)施修復(fù)工程只有實(shí)施了修復(fù)工程，才能使得對(duì)生態(tài)河道治理目標(biāo)的藍(lán)圖變成現(xiàn)實(shí)(也可能沒有實(shí)現(xiàn)預(yù)定的藍(lán)圖)。在這一步驟中，需要運(yùn)用那些在評(píng)估規(guī)劃中收集的資料對(duì)工程進(jìn)行正式評(píng)估 。

　　一、 生態(tài)河道治理從適宜生物棲息的角度出發(fā)，全面考慮工程對(duì)水文、水深、流速、底質(zhì)、河道形態(tài)、斷面形式及材料等多方面生境因子的影響，構(gòu)建適宜生物棲息及繁殖的生境條件。

　　二、 生態(tài)河道治理宜盡量保留河道天然的形態(tài)及斷面，控制截彎取直，河道斷面寬度及形式避免均一化、單一化。

　　三、 生態(tài)河道的護(hù)岸宜根據(jù)河道功能需要?jiǎng)側(cè)峤Y(jié)合，因地制宜，護(hù)岸材料在滿足強(qiáng)度要求的情況下，選取具有較好透水性、有利于水體交換，適宜動(dòng)植物生長(zhǎng)的生態(tài)親和性較佳材料，優(yōu)先選取當(dāng)?shù)靥烊徊牧稀?/p>

　　四、 河道生態(tài)綠化在滿足河道生態(tài)功能要求的前提下，宜盡量保留、利用河道兩側(cè)現(xiàn)有植被，合理配置不同習(xí)性的植物，營(yíng)造植物群落結(jié)構(gòu)及生態(tài)景觀多樣的植物帶;植物宜選擇土著種。

　　五、生態(tài)河道治理需對(duì)治理效果進(jìn)行跟蹤和評(píng)估，提出改進(jìn)建議和措施 。

　　生態(tài)河道治理應(yīng)該有四個(gè)尺度： 地區(qū)、流域、集水區(qū)、場(chǎng)所。

　　在集水區(qū)尺度上進(jìn)行保護(hù)和恢復(fù)的步驟：

　　1) 歸納集水區(qū)特征。明確集水區(qū)那些對(duì)生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的功能和條件產(chǎn)生影響的主要自然、生物和社會(huì)過程要素。

　　2) 找出主要問題。明確與管理目標(biāo)*相關(guān)的集水區(qū)要素，以及各種問題、社會(huì)價(jià)值和環(huán)境考慮。

　　3) 確定當(dāng)前狀況。收集與整理當(dāng)前這些核心問題和重要生態(tài)系統(tǒng)要素的狀況。

　　4) 描述參考條件。描述已知的或根據(jù)歷史推斷出的集水區(qū)景觀，幫助我們了解集水區(qū)過去的狀況。參考條件還可以幫助我們建立恢復(fù)和管理方案的目標(biāo)。

　　5) 綜合和闡述。綜合和闡述以上四步收集的資料，確定生態(tài)系統(tǒng)過程之間的時(shí)空聯(lián)系。

　　6) 建議。由以上四步的結(jié)果提出恢復(fù)管理的建議，流域分析提供的資料可以支持土地管理決策 。集水區(qū)保護(hù)和恢復(fù)還應(yīng)該具備一些管理手段：教育和意識(shí)、合作和協(xié)調(diào)、檢測(cè)和研究、規(guī)劃和區(qū)分優(yōu)先次序、資金和技術(shù)援助等。

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　　Ecological river regulation refers to the activities of promoting the restoration of river water ecosystem and building a healthy, complete and stable river water ecosystem through artificial restoration measures on the basis of meeting the basic functions of flood control, waterlogging drainage and water diversion within the River land control line.

　　1、 Comprehensive principle: on the premise of ensuring the basic functions of river flood control, drainage, water diversion and so on, the ecological management of river should fully consider the needs of river ecological functions, water purification, ecological landscape and other functions, while taking into account the safety of hydrophilic activities.

　　2、 Principle of coordination: reflect the characteristics of the development of the river and its surrounding areas, pay attention to the coordination with the overall style along the line, and coordinate the ecological landscape of the river with the surrounding landscape.

　　3、 The principle of naturalness: adhere to the restoration of the natural water ecosystem environment of the river, give priority to natural restoration, supplemented by artificial restoration, adjust measures to local conditions, and make full use of the morphology, topography, hydrology and other conditions of the current river; The selection and allocation of species should be based on native species to build a strong self-sustaining and stable aquatic ecosystem.

　　4、 Economic principle: keep pace with economic and social development, adjust measures to local conditions, save energy and be efficient; Plan the early construction and later management and protection, reduce the early construction cost and later maintenance fee as much as possible, and realize the sustainable development of river ecological governance.

　　Step 1 determine the goal of ecological river regulation. When this step is completed, an overall purpose or a blueprint should be drawn to outline what the river will be like after the restoration project is completed. Such a visible blueprint plays a key guiding role in the process of ecological river regulation.

　　Step 2 identify the stakeholders of ecological river training ecological river training is a part of watershed management. As mentioned earlier, the river has many functions, and stakeholders, including institutions and the public, need to be listed according to the function of the river.

　　Step 3 analyze the impact of human activities on river function, describe the current situation before the river is undisturbed, and analyze the impact of human activities on river ecosystem and river function. Step 4 identify the main natural assets and main problems of the river. Ecological river management is also to protect and improve natural river assets. Assets are those good conditions that the river channel already has and meets the corresponding functional objectives of the river channel. Many river assets are threatened by river problems or have degraded. In this step, the main assets, degraded assets and existing problems of the river should be identified.

　　Step 5 determine the priority of ecological river management. Ecological river management involves different river sections and different functions. The degree of attention and the time of restoration of each function are different, so the priority of ecological river management should be determined first. It should be noted that the restoration works should not always start from the most damaged river section, but sometimes from the best existing river section.

　　Step 6 develop strategies and measures to protect assets and improve river channels. After identifying priority river sections, list all methods to protect and improve important assets in these river sections.

　　Step 7 formulate detailed and measurable objectives for ecological river regulation, corresponding to the strategies and measures in the previous step, and formulate detailed and measurable objectives.

　　Step 8 analyze the feasibility of the goal. Is the goal of the previous step feasible? Many reasons, such as cost, politics, opposition of other river users, etc. Will likely change the priorities and priorities previously determined. After completing this step, the problem to be solved can be finally decided.

　　Step 9 formulate a detailed plan for the restoration project. In step 6, the preliminary method to solve the problem has been determined, and a detailed design is required in this step. What specific things need to be done to achieve the goal? Nothing can be done, planning and control can be carried out, and even the whole river channel can be improved or rebuilt.

　　Step 10 design the evaluation scheme of the restoration project. The measurable objectives formulated in step 7 become the basis for the evaluation of the project. It should be noted that not all assessments are necessarily detailed.

　　Step 11 organize the implementation of the restoration project in order to ensure the implementation of the restoration project, it is necessary to formulate a time schedule, carry out a clear task assignment, implement the source of funds, and organize project evaluation.

　　Step 12 implement the restoration project. Only when the restoration project is implemented can the blueprint for the goal of ecological river regulation become a reality (or the predetermined blueprint may not be achieved). In this step, it is necessary to use the data collected in the evaluation planning to formally evaluate the project.

　　1、 From the perspective of suitable biological habitat, ecological river regulation comprehensively considers the impact of the project on many habitat factors such as hydrology, water depth, flow velocity, sediment, river morphology, section form and materials, and constructs habitat conditions suitable for biological habitat and reproduction.

　　2、 The natural shape and cross-section of the river should be preserved as much as possible for ecological river regulation, and the cut-off and straightening should be controlled. The width and form of the river cross-section should avoid homogenization and simplification.

　　3、 The revetment of ecological river should be rigid and flexible according to the functional needs of the river, and adjust measures to local conditions. Under the condition that the revetment materials meet the strength requirements, select materials with better water permeability, which are conducive to water exchange and suitable for the growth of animals and plants, and give priority to local natural materials.

　　4、 On the premise of meeting the ecological function requirements of the river, the existing vegetation on both sides of the river should be preserved and used as much as possible, and the plants with different habits should be reasonably configured to create a plant belt with diverse plant community structure and ecological landscape; Indigenous species should be selected for plants.

　　5、 Ecological river regulation needs to track and evaluate the treatment effect, and put forward improvement suggestions and measures.

　　Ecological river management should have four scales: region, watershed, catchment area and place.

　　Steps for protection and restoration at the catchment scale:

　　1) Summarize the characteristics of the catchment area. Identify the main natural, biological and social process elements that affect the functions and conditions of the ecosystem in the catchment area.

　　2) Find out the main problems. Identify the catchment elements most relevant to the management objectives, as well as various issues, social values and environmental considerations.

　　3) Determine the current situation. Collect and sort out the current status of these core issues and important ecosystem elements.

　　4) Describe the reference conditions. Describe the known or inferred catchment landscape from history to help us understand the past situation of the catchment. Reference conditions can also help us establish the objectives of recovery and management programs.

　　5) Synthesis and elaboration. Synthesize and elaborate the data collected in the above four steps to determine the space-time relationship between ecosystem processes.

　　6) Recommendations. Based on the results of the above four steps, suggestions for restoration management are put forward, and the data provided by watershed analysis can support land management decisions. The protection and restoration of catchments should also have some management means: education and awareness, cooperation and coordination, testing and research, planning and prioritization, financial and technical assistance, etc.

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